ANALYSIS OF THE MECHANISM OF CARDIAC MUSCLE CONTRACTION BASED ON THE INTEGRATION OF BIOPHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND HISTOLOGICAL ASPECTS: THE ROLE OF CALCIUM IONS IN THE EXCITATION–CONTRACTION COUPLING PROCESS

Abstract

This article analyzes the mechanism of cardiac muscle contraction based on an integrative approach from the perspectives of biophysics, chemistry, and histology. The action potential underlying cardiac activity, ion exchange, and the process of converting electrical signals into mechanical work are discussed in depth. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of calcium (Ca²⁺) ions in the excitation–contraction coupling mechanism in cardiac muscle. The article scientifically explains the cardiac conduction system, the activity of membrane ion channels, the biophysical significance of the plateau phase, and the role of the refractory period as a protective mechanism.